Synthesis of A-ring synthon of 19-nor-1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 from (D)-glucose

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method for the synthesis of an A-ring synthon phosphine oxide used in the preparation of 19-nor vitamin D compounds, and to novel synthetic intermediates formed during the synthesis. The new method prepares the phosphine oxide from (D)-glucose.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is based on and claims priority from provisional patent Application No. 60/308,716 filed on Jul. 30, 2001.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to vitamin D compounds, and more particularly to the synthesis of an A-ring synthon used in the preparation of 19-nor vitamin D compounds, and to novel synthetic intermediates formed during the synthesis.

[0003] The natural hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and its analog in ergosterol series, i.e. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ are known to be highly potent regulators of calcium homeostasis in animals and humans, and their activity in cellular differentiation has also been established, Ostrem et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 2610 (1987). Many structural analogs of these metabolites have been prepared and tested, including 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₃, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₂, various side chain homologated vitamins and fluorinated analogs. Some of these compounds exhibit an interesting separation of activities in cell differentiation and calcium regulation. This difference in activity may be useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases.

[0004] The discovery of the hormonally active form of vitamin D₃, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1α,25-(OH)₂D₃ or calcitriol) has greatly stimulated research into its physiology and chemistry. As previously noted, it has been established that 1α,25-(OH)₂D₃ not only regulates the mineral metabolism in animals and humans, but also exerts potent effects upon cell proliferation and cellular differentiation. Therefore, the chemistry of vitamin D has been recently focused on the design and synthesis of analogs that can exert selective biological actions.

[0005] Recently, a class of vitamin D analogs has been discovered, i.e. the so called 19-nor-vitamin D compounds, which are characterized by the replacement of the A-ring exocyclic methylene group (carbon 19), typical of the vitamin D system, by two hydrogen atoms. Biological testing of such 19-nor-analogs (e.g., 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D₃) revealed a selective activity profile with high potency in inducing cellular differentiation, and very low calcium mobilizing activity. Thus, these compounds are potentially useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancies, or the treatment of various skin disorders. Different methods of synthesis of such 19-nor-vitamin D analogs have been described. See for example Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 31, 1823 (1990); Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 32, 7663 (1991), DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,191, and DeLuca et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,133.

[0006] In one particularly advantageous method, the preparation of various 19-nor-vitamin D compounds can be accomplished by the condensation of a bicyclic Windaus-Grundmann type ketone having the desired side chain structure with an A-ring phosphine oxide to the corresponding 19-nor vitamin D analog followed by deprotection, particularly at C-1 and C-3 in the latter compounds. One method of preparing the required A-ring phosphine oxides is to transform a methyl ester obtained from quinic acid into the desired A-ring synthon in accordance with the synthesis set forth in DeLuca et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,133. It is, however, desirable to provide an alternate method for preparing such A-ring phosphine oxides.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention provides a new method for the synthesis of an A-ring synthon phosphine oxide used in the preparation of 19-nor vitamin D compounds, and to novel synthetic intermediates formed during the synthesis. The new method prepares the phosphine oxide from (D)-glucose.

[0008] The A-ring synthon phosphine oxide to be prepared is represented by the following structure

[0009] where the wavy line indicates a stereochemical center so that the phosphine oxide substituent may have either the R or S configuration, and may thus be obtained as a mixture of two isomers. Each of R³, R⁴ and R⁵ may independently be selected from a hydroxy protecting group, but preferably R³ and R⁵ are both a t-butyldimethylsilyl hydroxy protecting group (abbreviated “TBS”) and R⁴ is a trimethylsilyl hydroxy protecting group (abbreviated “TMS”).

[0010] Preferably, the method of making the phosphine oxide comprises the steps of:

[0011] converting D-glucose having the structure

[0012] to a 2-deoxy-glucose derivative having the structure

[0013] where R¹ is an alkyl group;

[0014] iodinating the 2-deoxy-glucose derivative to form a 5-iodinated derivative having the structure

[0015] eliminating the iodine substituent of said 5-iodinated derivative to form a 1-ether derivative having the structure

[0016] reducing the 1-ether derivative to form a 1-alcohol derivative having the structure

[0017] converting the 1-alcohol derivative to a 1-protected derivative having the structure

[0018] where R² is a hydroxy protecting group;

[0019] reducing the 1-protected derivative with a metal hydride to form a 5-alcohol derivative having the structure

[0020] benzylating the 5-alcohol derivative to form a benzylated derivative having the structure

[0021] hydrolyzing the benzyl derivative to form a 1-hydroxyl derivative having the structure

[0022] oxidizing the 1-hydroxyl derivative to form a 1-ketone derivative having the structure

[0023] converting the 1-ketone derivative to a 3,4,5-protected derivative having the structure

[0024] where R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently a hydroxy-protecting group;

[0025] condensing the 3,4,5-protected derivative to an ester derivative having the structure

[0026] where R⁶ is an alkyl group;

[0027] reducing the ester derivative with a metal hydride to form a 3,4,5-protected-1-alcohol derivative having the structure

[0028] and converting the 3,4,5-protected-1-alcohol to a phosphine oxide having the structure

[0029] Alternate methods of converting D-glucose to the 2-deoxy-glucose derivative are illustrated in Schemes I and II.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] As used in the description and in the claims, the term “hydroxy-protecting group” signifies any group commonly used for the temporary protection of hydroxy functions, such as for example, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, alkylsilyl or alkylarylsilyl groups (hereinafter referred to simply as “silyl” groups), and alkoxyalkyl groups. Alkoxycarbonyl protecting groups are alkyl-O—CO— groupings such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or allyloxycarbonyl. The term “acyl” signifies an alkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, in all of its isomeric forms, or a carboxyalkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, such as an oxalyl, malonyl, succinyl, glutaryl group, or an aromatic acyl group such as benzoyl, or a halo, nitro or alkyl substituted benzoyl group. The word “alkyl” as used in the description or the claims, denotes a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical of 1 to 10 carbons, in all its isomeric forms. Alkoxyalkyl protecting groups are groupings such as methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl. Preferred silyl-protecting groups are trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, dibutylmethylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl, diphenyl-t-butylsilyl and analogous alkylated silyl radicals. The term “aryl” specifies a phenyl-, or an alkyl-, nitro- or halo-substituted phenyl group.

[0031] A “protected hydroxy” group is a hydroxy group derivatised or protected by any of the above groups commonly used for the temporary or permanent protection of hydroxy functions, e.g. the silyl, alkoxyalkyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups, as previously defined. The terms “hydroxyalkyl”, “deuteroalkyl” and “fluoroalkyl” refer to an alkyl radical substituted by one or more hydroxy, deuterium or fluoro groups respectively.

[0032] Specific embodiments of the reactions of the new process are presented in the following Examples. Process Schemes I, II, III and IV depict the structures of the compounds described in these Examples, such that products identified by Arabic numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 3a, etc.) correspond to the structures so numbered in the Process Schemes.

EXAMPLES

[0033] Experimental

[0034] General: Unless otherwise noted, all air-sensitive reactions were run under Ar atmosphere, and reagents were added through septa using syringes. Tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether were distilled from Na benzophenone ketyl prior to use. Pyridine, triethylamine, diisopropylamine, acetonitrile, methyl sulfoxide and methylene chloride were distilled from calcium hydride. Toluene and MeOH were distilled from Na. N,N-Dimethylformamide was distilled from 4A molecular sieves. Ethyl acetate and 1,4-dioxane were reagent grade. All chemicals were used as received. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (Wako Pure Chem. Ind. Ltd. Wakogel C-200, ˜200 mesh). NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl₃ on a Bruker ARX-400 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm, δ) downfield from tetramethylsilane. Mass spectra were recorded on a JEOL JMS-AX505HA spectrometer run at 70 eV for electronic ionization (EI).

Example 1 (See Scheme I)

[0035] Synthesis of 2-deoxy-glucose Derivative 7 From D-glucose

[0036] [Method A]

[0037] [Step 1]: (D)-Glucose→Compound 4

[0038] To a stirred suspension of D-glucose (1 g) in acetic anhydride (200 ml) was added 70% perchloric acid (1.2 mL). Additional D-glucose (49 g, total 50 g, 0.28 mol) was added in small portions over a period of 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was maintained below 40° C. by occasional cooling in an ice-water bath. After addition was complete, the solution was cooled to 20° C., and hydrogen bromide (33 wt. % solution in acetic acid, 200 mL) was added over a period of 30 min. After being stirred for 3 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with methylene chloride (CH₂claim₂, 700 mL), and washed successively with ice-water and cold 5% sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO₃), and then dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄). The solvent was removed by reduced pressure to afford 2 (123 g) as a syrup. This product was used directly in the following reaction.

[0039] 2: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.04, 2.06, 2.10 and 2.11 (each 3 H, s, COCH₃), 4.13 (1 H, d, J=10.7 Hz, 6-H), 4.28˜4.35 (2 H, m, 5, 6-H), 4.85 (1 H, dd, J=9.7, 4.0 Hz, 2-H), 5.17 (1 H, t, J=9.7 Hz, 3 or 4-H), 5.56 (1 H, t, J=9.7 Hz, 3 or 4-H), 6.62 (1 H, d, J=4.0 Hz, 1-H).

[0040] The crude bromide 2 (56.1 g, 0.14 mol) was added slowly to a slurry of zinc dust (60 g, 0.92 mol) in 50% aqueous acetic acid (500 mL) over a period of 1 h with mechanical stirring while maintaining the temperature at −15˜−20° C. in dry ice-acetonitrile (CH₃CN) bath. After addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 1 h at 0° C., and then the reaction mixture was filtered by suction. The filtrate was diluted with methylene chloride (800 mL) and extracted with ice-water (3×250 mL). The organic layer was washed with cold saturated NaHCO₃ (2×200 mL) and brine, and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give 3 (37.5 g) as a syrup. This product was used directly in the next step.

[0041] 3: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.05, 2.13 and 2.15 (each 3 H, s, COCH₃), 4.20 (1 H, dd, J=12.0, 3.1 Hz, 6-H), 4.26 (1 H, m, 5-H), 4.40 (1 H, dd, J=12.0, 5.7 Hz, 6-H), 4.85 (1 H, dd, J=6.2, 3.2 Hz, 2-H), 5.23 (1 H, dd, J=7.5, 5.7 Hz, 4-H), 5.34 (1 H, m, 3-H), 6.47 (1 H, d, J=6.2 Hz, 1-H).

[0042] To a solution of the crude acetyl glucal 3 (12.5 g, 45.9 mmol) in dry MeOH (150 mL) was added a solution of sodium methoxide (NaOMe, 4.59 mmol) in dry MeOH (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 150 mL) at 0° C. and to this solution was added imidazole (9.4 g, 137.7 mmol) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (10.4 g, 68.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature, diluted with icewater, and extracted with 50% ethyl acetate (AcOEt)-hexane. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (200 g) using 50% AcOEt-hexane to yield 4 (7.15 g, 65% from D-glucose).

[0043] 4: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.11 (6 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.91 (9 H, s, Si-tBu), 3.79 (2 H, m, 6-H), 3.92 and 3.99 (each 1 H, m, 4, 5-H), 4.26 (1 H, m, 3-H), 4.72 (1 H, dd, J=6.1, 2.0 Hz, 2 H), 6.31 (1 H, dd, J=6.0, 2.0 Hz, 1-H).

[0044] Mass m/z (%): 260 (no M⁺), 224 (1), 203 (20), 185 (85), 167 (14), 75 (100).

[0045] [Step 2]: Compound 4→Compound 5

[0046] To a stirred, cold (0° C.) solution of 4 (4.42 g, 17.0 mmol) dissolved in dry DMF (50 mL) and dry tetrahydrofuran (THF, 5 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 2.72 g, 68.0 mmol) and benzyl bromide (8.72 g, 51.0 mmol). Stirring was continued for 40 min at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was quenched with water. After extraction with 50% AcOEt-hexane, the combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (150 g) using 3% AcOEt-hexane to afford 5 (7.22 g, 97%).

[0047] 5: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.06 and 0.07 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 3.87˜3.98 (4 H, m, 4, 5, 6-H), 4.20 (1 H, m, 3-H), 4.58 and 4.64 (each 1 H, d, J=11.7 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.74 and 4.86 (each 1 H, d, J=11.2 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.83 (1 H, dd, J=6.1, 2.5 Hz, 2-H), 6.38 (1 H, dd, J=6.2, 1.2 Hz, 1-H), 7.28˜7.35 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0048] Mass m/z (%): 440 (no M⁺), 383 (4), 332 (2), 277 (10), 253 (5), 221 (9), 91 (100).

[0049] [Step 3]: Compound 5→Compound 6

[0050] To a stirred solution of 5 (14.5 g. 32.9 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL) was added tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Bu₄NF, 1.0 M solution in THF, 65.8 mmol) at 0° C. and stirring was continued for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice-water and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (200 g) with 25% AcOEt-hexane to give 6 (9.42 g, 88%).

[0051] 6: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 3.80 (1 H, dd, J=8.6, 6.2 Hz, 4-H), 3.85 (2 H, d, J=4.1 Hz, 6-H), 3.93 (1 H, dd, J=8.6, 4.1 Hz, 5-H), 4.23 (1 H, ddd, J=6.2, 2.7, 1.1 Hz, 3-H), 4.56 and 4.66 (each 1 H, d, J=11.6 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.72 and 4.86 (each 1 H, d, J=11.4 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.88 (1 H, dd, J=6.1, 2.7 Hz, 2-H), 6.39 (1 H, dd, J=6.1, 1.1 Hz, 1-H), 7.28˜7.35 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0052] Mass m/z (%): 326 (M⁺, 0.2), 308 (0.1), 295 (0.1), 235 (3), 218 (12), 189 (9), 163 (70), 91 (100).

[0053] [Step 4]: Compound 6→Compound 7a, 7b

[0054] To a stirred solution of 6 (9.41 g, 28.8 mmol) in dry MeOH (150 mL) was added portionwise mercury(II) acetate [(CH₃CO₂)₂Hg, 11.00 g, 34.5 mmol] over a 30 min period. After being stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature, the mixture was cooled to 0° C. To this solution was portionwise added over a period of 1 h sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, 1.31 g, 34.5 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to a small volume. Water and chloroform (CHCl₃) were added, the organic phase was separated, and the aqueous phase was reextracted with CHCl₃. The organic extract was washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was subjected to chromatography on silica gel (150 g) using 30% AcOEt-hexane to yield 7 (α-anomer: 6.92 g, 67%; β-anomer: 1.86 g, 18%) as a mixture of anomeric isomers. 7a was isolated as a single isomer, while 7b was obtained as a mixture of 7a and 7b.

[0055] 7a (α-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.65 and 2.29 (each 1 H, m, 2-H), 3.30 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.50 (1 H, t, J=9.4 Hz, 4-H), 3.64 (1 H, dm, J=9.4 Hz, 5-H), 3.75 (1 H, dd, J=11.7, 4.1 Hz, 6-H), 3.81 (1 H, dd, J=11.7, 3.0 Hz, 6-H), 3.99 (1 H, ddd, J=11.5, 9.4, 5.0 Hz, 3 H), 4.63 and 4.67 (each 1 H, d, J=11.6 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.68 and 4.95 (each 1 H, d, J=11.1 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.80 (1 H, br. d, J=2.9 Hz, 1-H), 7.26˜7.36 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0056] 7b (β-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.56 and 2.34 (each 1 H, m, 2-H), 3.31 (1 H, m), 3.49 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 4.40 (1 H, dd, J=9.8, 2.0 Hz, 1-H).

[0057] 7a and 7b: Mass m/z (%): 358 (M⁺, 0.7), 327 (1.5), 326 (1), 267 (87), 235 (23), 91 (100).

Example 2 (See Scheme II)

[0058] Synthesis of 2-deoxy-glucose Derivative 7 From D-glucose

[0059] [Method B]

[0060] [Step 1]: Compound 3→Compound 8a, 8b

[0061] To a solution of the crude triacetyl glucal 3 (9.54 g, 35.0 mmol) in CH₃CN (150 mL) was successively added LiBr (3.65 g, 42.0 mmol), MeOH (2.25 g, 70.2 mmol), and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (p-TsOH.H₂0, 954 mg) at room temperature. After being stirred for 3 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated to a small volume, diluted with cold 5% NaHCO₃ solution, and extracted with CHCl₃. The organic extract was washed with ice-water, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (150 g) using 30% AcOEt-hexane to give 8 (9.01 g, 92% from D-glucose) (α-anomer:β-anomer=ca. 10:1). 8a was isolated as a single isomer, while 8b was obtained as a mixture of 8a and 8b.

[0062] 8a (α-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ:1.81 (1 H, m, 2-H), 2.01, 2.04 and 2.10 (each 3 H, s, COCH₃), 2.25 (1 H, m, 2-H), 3.35 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.95 (1 H, ddd, J=9.7, 4.7, 2.3 Hz, 5-H), 4.08 (1 H, dd, J=12.3, 2.3 Hz, 6-H), 4.31 (1 H, dd, J=12.2, 4.7 Hz, 6-H), 4.84 (1 H, d, J=3.1 Hz, 1-H), 5.00 (1 H, t, J=9.7 Hz, 4-H), 5.30 (1 H, ddd, J=11.5, 9,7, 5.3 Hz, 3-H).

[0063] Mass m/z (%): 304 (M⁺, 0.1), 273 (2), 231 (4), 213 (25), 184 (9), 171 (15), 111 (33), 100 (100).

[0064] 8b (β-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ:1.73 (1 H, m, 2-H), 2.03, 2.04 and 2.09 (each 3 H, s, COCH₃), 2.32 (1 H, m, 2-H), 3.51 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.62 (1 H, m, 5-H), 4.12 (1 H, dd, J=12.2, 2.4 Hz, 6-H), 4.31 (1 H, dd, J=12.2, 4.8 Hz, 6-H), 4.48 (1 H, dd, J=9.6, 2.0 Hz, 1-H), 5.00 (2 H, m, 3, 4-H).

[0065] [Step 2]: Compound 8a→Compound 9a

[0066] To a solution of 8a (α-anomer, 10.27 g, 33.8 mmol) in dry MeOH (150 mL) was added a solution of NaOMe (3.38 mmol) in dry MeOH (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in dry CH₃CN (150 mL) and to this solution was added benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (7.70 g, 51.3 mmol) and p-TsOH.H₂0 (1.03 g). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature, concentrated to a small volume, and cold 5% NaHCO₃ and AcOEt were added. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was reextracted with AcOEt. The combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (200 g) using 30% AcOEt-hexane to yield 9a (6.55 g, 73%).

[0067] 9a (α-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.80 (1 H, m, 2-H), 2.24 (1 H, m, 2-H), 3.36 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.49 (1 H, t, J=9.0 Hz, 5-H), 3.76 (1 H, t, J=9.5 Hz, 6-H), 3.80 (1 H, m), 4.20 (1 H, m), 4.27 (1 H, m), 4.82 (1 H, d, J=3.4 Hz, 1-H), 5.58 (1 H, s, CHPh), 7.35˜7.52 (5 H, m, arom H).

[0068] Mass m/z(%): 266 (M⁺, 53), 234 (8), 179 (100), 105 (65).

[0069] [Step 3]: Compound 9a→Compound 10a

[0070] To a solution of 9a (8.69 g, 32.7 mmol) in dry DMF-dry THF (150 mL-15 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 2.62 g, 65.4 mmol) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred for 5 min. To this solution was added benzyl bromide (8.35 g, 49.1 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at 0° C. followed by stirring for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with 50% AcOEt-hexane. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (150 g) with 10% AcOEt-hexane to afford 10a (10.47 g, 90%).

[0071] L0a (α-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.80 (1 H, m, 2-H), 2.26 (1 H, m, 2-H), 3.33 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.69 (1 H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.79 (2 H, m), 4.01 (1 H, m), 4.26 (1 H, m), 4.68 and 4.83 (each 1 H, d, J=11.9 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.80 (1 H, d, J=3.2 Hz, 1-H), 5.62 (1 H, s, CHPh), 7.20˜7.50 (5 H, m, arom H).

[0072] Mass m/z (%): 356 (M⁺, 43), 324 (6), 219 (10), 91(100).

[0073] [Step 4]: Compound 10a→Compound 7a

[0074] To a suspension of lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH₄, 0.19 g, 5.05 mmol) in dry diethyl ether (10 mL) and dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was slowly added a solution of 10a (1.8 g, 5.05 mmol) in dry diethyl ether (10 mL) and dry CH₂claim₂ (10 mL) at room temperature. To this suspension was portionwise added aluminum chloride (0.67 g, 5.05 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. Excess LiAlH₄ was destroyed by addition of wet ether and filtered. The filtrate was diluted with ice-water and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extract was washed successively with cold 5% NaHCO₃ and brine, and dried over MgSO₄. Evaporation of the solvent gave colorless syrup, which was purified by chromatography on silica gel (75 g) using 30% AcOEt-hexane to give 7a (1.52 g, 84%).

Example 3 (See Scheme III)

[0075] In the following synthesis of the cyclohexanone derivative 19 from 2-deoxy-glucopyranosides 7, we separated most of the synthetic intermediates 11˜18 which exist as two anomeric isomers or two isomers at C(1) position. In a practical synthesis, it is unnecessary to separate those isomers in each reaction step.

[0076] [Step 5]: Compound 7a, 7b→Compound 11a, 11b

[0077] A mixture of the two anomeric isomers 7a, 7b (6.40 g, 17.9 mmol), triphenylphosphine (Ph₃P, 5.64 g, 21.5 mmol), imidazole (3.51 g, 51.6 mmol), iodine (I₂, 4.99 g, 19.6 mmol, freshly sublimated) in dry THF (70 mL) was stirred for 5 h at 0° C. and overnight at room temperature. After being stirred for 6 h, additional Ph₃P, imidazole, and I₂ (each 0.5 equivalent) were added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was diluted with AcOEt, washed successively cold 5% NaHCO₃, 2N sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃), and brine. The organic extract was dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (150 g) using 2% AcOEt-hexane to afford 11a (α-anomer: 5.52 g, 66%) and 11b (β-anomer: 1.34 g, 16%).

[0078] 11a (α-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ:1.69 and 2.30 (each 1 H, m, 2-H), 3.31˜3.45 (3 H, m, 4, 5, 6-H), 3.36 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.54 (1 H, dd, J=9.6, 1.8 Hz, 6-H), 4.00 (1 H, ddd, J=11.4, 8.5, 5.1 Hz, 3-H), 4.60 and 4.66 (each 1 H, d, J=11.5 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.72 and 5.00 (each 1 H, d, J=11.0 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.83 (1 H, br. D, J=2.8 Hz, 1-H), 7.27˜7.37 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0079] Mass m/z (%): 468 (M⁺, 1), 437 (7), 377 (40), 345 (3), 271 (28), 253 (6), 239 (8), 91 (100).

[0080] 11a (β-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.61 and 2.35 (each 1 H, m, 2-H), 3.14 (1 H, ddd, J=8.7, 7.3, 2.5 Hz, 5-H), 3.29 (1 H, dd, J=10.4, 7.4 Hz, 6-H), 3.32 (1 H, t, J=8.8 Hz, 4-H), 3.52 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.54 (1 H, dd, J=10.4, 2.5 Hz, 6-H), 3.68 (1 H, ddd, J=11.5, 8.5, 5.0 Hz, 3-H), 4.39 (1 H, dd, J=9.7, 1.9 Hz, 1-H), 4.59 and 4.68 (each 1 H, d, J=11.6 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.70 and 5.99 (each 1 H, d, J=10.9 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.28˜7.37 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0081] Mass m/z (%): 469 (M⁺, 0.2), 436 (3), 377 (13), 345 (7), 271 (29), 253 (4), 239 (9), 91 (100).

[0082] [Step 6a]: Compound 11a→Compound 12a

[0083] Powdered silver fluoride (AgF, 2.1 g, 16.5 mmol) was added to a solution of 11a (2.0 g, 4.27 mmol) in dry pyridine (35 mL). After being stirred in the dark for 2 days, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was partitioned between AcOEt and ice-water. After phase separation, the aqueous layer was reextracted with AcOEt. The combined organic extract was washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (30 g) with 3% AcOEt-hexane to give 12a (1.35 g, 93%).

[0084] 12a (α-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.87 and 2.27 (each 1 H, m, 2-H), 3.41 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.90 (2 H, m, 3, 4-H), 4.63 and 4.71 (each 1 H, d, J=11.7 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.73 and 4.78 (each 1 H, d, J=11.7 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.74 and 4.81 (each 1 H, br. S, 6-H), 4.86 (1 H, t, J=3.2 Hz, 1-H), 7.28˜7.38 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0085] [Step 6b]: Compound 11b→Compound 12b

[0086] To a stirred solution of 11b (895 mg, 1.91 mmol) in dry pyridine (15 mL) was added powdered AgF (486 mg, 3.82 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred in the dark for 18 h at room temperature. Work-up similar to that described above afforded 12b (618 mg, 95%).

[0087] 12b (β-anomer): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.86 (1 H, m, 2-H), 2.28 (1 H, ddd, J=14.0, 5.7, 3.4 Hz, 2-H), 3.50 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.67 (1 H, dt, J=7.0, 5.7 Hz, 3-H), 3.96 (1 H, d, J=5.7 Hz, 4-H), 4.58 and 4.73 (each 1 H, d, J=11.6 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.63 (1 H, s, 6-H), 4.64 (2 H, s, CH₂Ph), 4.73 (1 H, dd, J=5.9, 3.4 Hz, 1-H), 4.78 (1 H, s, 6-H), 7.27˜7.35 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0088] [Step 7a]: Compound 12a→Compound 13a,b

[0089] To a stirred solution of 12a (1.07 g, 3.14 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane-water (15 mL, 2:1; v/v) was added palladium(II) chloride (PdCl₂, 113 mg, 0.64 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 1.5 h. AcOEt and water were added to the mixture and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was reextracted with AcOEt and the combined organic extract was washed with water and brine, and then dried over MgSO₄. Removal of the solvent gave the residue, which was purified by chromatography on silica gel (30 g) using 50% AcOEt-hexane to yield 13 (939 mg, 92%) in a mixture of 1α-OH (13a): 1β-OH (13b)=ca.6:1 ratio.

[0090] [Step 7b]: Compound 12b→Compound 13a,b

[0091] A mixture of 12b (1.34 g, 3.94 mmol) and PdCl₂ (140 mg, 0.79 mmol) in 1,4-dioxanewater (21 mL, 2:1) was heated at 60° C. for 1.5 h. Work-up similar to that described above gave 13 (1.17 g, 91%) in a mixture of 1α-OH (13a): 1β-OH (13b)=ca. 6:1 ratio.

[0092] 13a (1-αOH): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.03 and 2.32 (each 1 H, m, 2-H), 2.64 (2 H, m, 6-H), 3.98 (1 H, d, J=7.5 Hz, 4-H), 4.04 (1 H, ddd, J=8.0, 7.5, 4.1 Hz, 3-H), 4.36 (1 H, m, 1-H), 4.55, 4.61, 4.75 and 4.82 (each 1 H, d, J=11.7 Hz, CH₂Ph) 7.28˜7.39 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0093] 13b (1-βOH): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 4.22 (1 H, m, 1-H), 4.47, 4.54, 4.64 and 4.79 (each 1 H, d, J=11.7 Hz, CH₂Ph).

[0094] 13a and 13b: Mass m/z (%): 326 (M⁺, 2), 308 (5), 278 (2), 235 (3), 217 (2), 91 (100).

[0095] [Step 8]: Compound 13a,b→Compound 14a,b

[0096] A mixture of 13a,b (1.95 g, 5.97 mmol), imidazole (813 mg, 11.9 mmol), tertbutyldimethylsilyl chloride (1.35 g, 8.96 mmol) in dry DMF (20 mL) was stirred at for 1 h 0° C. followed by for 1.5 h at room temperature. Additional imidazole (203 mg, 2.89 mmol) and tert butyldimethylsilyl chloride (225 mg, 1.49 mmol) were added and stirring was continued for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with 50% AcOEt-hexane. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (30 g) using 5% AcOEt-hexane to afford 14 (2.54 g, 97%) in approximately 1α-OH:1β-OH=6.5:1 ratio. The two isomers were separated by rechromatography on silica gel to give 1α-OTBS 14a and 1β-OTBS 14b.

[0097] 14a (1-αOTBS): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: −0.02 and 0.02 (each 3 H, 5, Si—CH₃), 0.81 (9 H, s, Si-tBu), 1.87 and 2.19 (each 1 H, m, 2-H), 2.50 (2 H, m, 6-H), 4.01 (2 H, m, 3, 4-H), 4.27 (1 H, m, 1-H), 4.57, 4.63, 4.78 and 4.87 (each 1 H, d, J=11.8 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.27˜7.42 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0098] Mass m/z (%): 440 (M⁺, 3), 383 (2), 349 (3), 333 (5), 308 (7), 277 (6), 275 (4), 243 (3), 91 (100).

[0099] 14b (1-βOTBS): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.036 and 0.044 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.86 (9 H, s, Si-tBu), 1.90 (1 H, dt, J=12.0, 11.0 Hz, 6-H), 2.35 (1 H, m, 2-H), 2.48 (1 H, t, J=12.0 Hz, 6-H), 2.64 (1 H, ddd, J=13.1, 4.7, 2.4 Hz, 2-H), 3.54 (1 H, ddd, J=11.4, 9.4, 4.7 Hz, 3-H), 3.77 (1 H, tt, J=11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1-H), 4.08 (1 H, d, J=9.3 Hz, 4-H), 4.57, 4.65, 4.80 and 4.90 (each 1 H, d, J=11.6 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.28˜7.41 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0100] Mass m/z (%): 440 (M⁺, 4), 383 (2), 349 (3), 333 (3), 308 (15), 277 (15), 275 (4), 243 (12), 91 (100).

[0101] [Step 9a]: Compound 14a→Compound 15a

[0102] To a stirred solution of 14a (923 mg, 2.09 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) was dropwise added L-Selectride (lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride, 1.0 M solution in THF, 3.14 mmol) at −78° C., and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at the same temperature. The mixture was quenched with ice-water and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extract was washed with brine, and dried over MgSO₄. Removal of the solvent gave the residue, which was chromatographed on silica gel (20 g) using 10% AcOEt-hexane to give 15a (866 mg, 94%) as a sole product. No trace of epimeric alcohol was detected.

[0103] 15a (1-αOTBS): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.04 and 0.06 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.86 (9 H, s, Si-tBu), 1.70 and 1.90 (each 2 H, m, 2, 6-H), 3.47 (1 H, dd, J=6.9, 3.1 Hz, 4-H), 3.98, 4.05 and 4.10 (each 1 H, m, 1, 3, 5-H), 4.63 and 4.70 (each 1 H, d, J=11.8 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.67 and 4.69 (each 1 H, d, J=10.4 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.28˜7.40 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0104] Mass m/z (%): 442 (M⁺, 0.2), 399 (2), 351 (4), 333 (0.2), 293 (2), 277 (2), 91 (100).

[0105] [Step 9b]: Compound 14b→Compound 15b

[0106] To a cold (−78° C.) solution of 14b (140 mg, 0.32 mmol) in dry THF (1 mL) was added L-Selectride (1.0 M solution in THF, 0.48 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. Work-up similar to that described above afforded 15b (107 mg, 76%) as a single isomer together with the recovered starting material 14b (11%).

[0107] 15b (1-βOTBS): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.05 (6 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.87 (9 H, s, Si-tBu), 1.37 (2 H, m), 2.13 and 2.22 (each 1 H, m), 3.40 (1 H, dd, J=9.0, 3.1 Hz, 4-H), 3.75 (1 H, ddd, J=11.7, 9.1, 4.6 Hz, 3 or 5-H), 4.03 (1 H, tt, J=11.0, 4.3 Hz, 1-H), 4.12 (1 H, dd, J=6.1, 3.1 Hz, 3 or 5-H), 4.66 and 4.69 (each 1 H, d, J=11.6 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.68 and 4.78 (each 1 H, d, J=11.6 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.27˜7.37 (10 H, m, arom H).

[0108] [Step 10a]: Compound 15a→Compound 16a

[0109] A mixture of 15a (904 mg, 2.04 mmol), sodium hydride (NaH, 60% dispersion in oil, 164 mg, 4.08 mmol) and benzyl bromide (523 mg, 3.06 mmol) in dry DMF-dry THF (11 mL, 10:1) was stirred for 4 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with ice-water and extracted with 50% AcOEt-hexane. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (30 g) with 5% AcOEt-hexane to afford 16a (1.02 g, 94%).

[0110] 16a (1-αOTBS): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.05 and 0.06 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.88 (9 H, s, Si-tBu), 1.71 (1 H, m), 1.92 (2 H, m), 2.02 (1 H, m), 3.69˜3.76 (3 H, m, 3, 4, 5-H), 3.90 (1 H, tt, J=11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1-H), 4.37, 4.48, 4.50, 4.55, 4.57 and 4.76 (each 1 H, d, J=12.1 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.26˜7.38 (15 H, m, arom H).

[0111] Mass m/z (%): 532 (M⁺, 0.3), 441 (11), 383 (1), 335 (1), 317 (1), 277 (4), 247 (5), 91) (100).

[0112] [Step 10b]: Compound 15b→Compound 16b

[0113] A mixture of 15b (128 mg, 0.29 mmol), sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 23 mg, 0.58 mmol) and benzyl bromide (74 mg, 0.43 mmol) in dry DMF-dry THF (1.65 mL, 10:1) was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Work-up similar to that described above afforded 16b (141 mg, 92%).

[0114] 16b (1-βOTBS): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.04 and 0.05 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.87 (9 H, s, Si-tBu), 1.28 (1 H, m), 1.42 (1 H, dt, J=12.1, 11.1 Hz), 2.11 and 2.25 (each 1 H, m), 3.39 (1 H, dd, J=9.2, 2.9 Hz, 4-H), 3.90 (2 H, m, 3, 5-H), 4.03 (1 H, tt, J=10.8, 4.5 Hz, 1-H), 4.61˜4.77 (6 H, m, CH₂Ph), 7.27˜7.37 (15 H, m, arom H).

[0115] [Step 11a]: Compound 16a→Compound 17a

[0116] A mixture of 16a (1.06 g, 1.99 mmol) and Bu₄NF (1.0 M solution in THF, 3.0 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. followed by at room temperature. After 5 h stirring, additional Bu₄NF (3.0 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was further stirred for 20 h at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ice-water and AcOEt and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous layer was reextracted with AcOEt and the combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (35 g) with 40% AcOEt-hexane to yield 17a (797 mg, 95%).

[0117] 17a (1-αOH): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.69˜1.80 (2 H, m), 2.03˜2.10 (2 H, m), 3.58 (1 H, dd, J=6.8, 2.2 Hz, 4-H), 3.94˜4.13 (3 H, m, 1, 3, 5-H), 4.61 (2 H, s, CH₂Ph), 4.63˜4.70 (each 1 H, d, J=12.1 Hz, CH₂Ph), 4.72 (2 H, s, CH₂Ph), 7.27˜7.34 (15 H, m, arom H).

[0118] Mass m/z (%): 418 (M⁺, 0.1), 327 (25), 309 (1), 91 (100).

[0119] [Step 11b]: Compound 16b→Compound 17b

[0120] A mixture of 16b (140 mg, 0.26 mmol) and Bu₄NF (1.0 M solution in THF, 0.39 mmol) in dry THF (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature. After 2.5 h, additional Bu₄NF (0.13 mmol) was added and the mixture was further stirred for 2 h. Work-up similar to that described above gave 17b (104 mg, 94%).

[0121] 17b (1-βOH): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.77 and 1.88 (each 1 H, m), 2.07 (2 H, m), 3.76 and 3.88 (each 1 H, m), 4.00 (1 H, dt, J=9.4, 3.1 Hz), 4.09 (1 H, m), 4.55 (2 H, s, CH₂Ph), 4.56, 4.62, 4.63 and 4.76 (each 1 H, d, J=12.1 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.27˜7.51 (15 H, m, arom H).

[0122] Mass m/z (%): 418 (M⁺, 0.2), 341 (1), 327 (15), 309 (1), 91 (100).

[0123] [Step 12a]: Compound 17a→Compound 18

[0124] A solution of methyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 717 mg, 9.18 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added slowly to a solution of oxalyl chloride (583 mg, 4.59 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred for 5 min, and then a solution of 17a (1.60 g, 3.82 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min and treated with triethylamine (1.934 g, 19.1 mmol) for 30 min at −78° C. The cooling bath was removed, and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and then stirring was continued for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice-water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (30 g) using 15% AcOEt-hexane to afford 18 (1.50 g, 94%).

[0125] 18: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.48 (1 H, dm, J=15 Hz), 2.62 (1 H, dd, J=13.9, 4.5 Hz), 2.79 (1 H, dd, J=15.0, 3.9 Hz), 2.87 (1 H, dd, J=13.9, 10.5 Hz), 3.99 (2 H, m, 4, 5-H), 4.06 (1 H, ddd, J=10.3, 4.5, 2.3 Hz, 3-H), 4.41, 4.52, 4.53, 4.59, 4.70 and 4.86 (each 1 H, d, J=12.0 Hz, CH₂Ph), 7.20˜7.36 (15 H, m, arom H).

[0126] Mass m/z (%): 416 (M⁺, 1), 325 (16), 308 (1), 217 (10), 91 (100).

[0127] [Step 12b]: Compound 17b→Compound 18

[0128] A solution of DMSO (46 mg, 0.59 mmol) in dry CH₂claim₂ (200 μL) was added slowly to a solution of oxalyl chloride (38 mg, 0.30 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (300 μL) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred for 5 min, and then a solution of 17b (104 mg, 0.25 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (500 μmL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min and treated with triethylamine (126 mg, 1.24 mmol) for 30 min at −78° C. The cooling bath was removed, and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and then stirring was continued for 1 h. Work-up similar to that described above afforded 18 (101 mg, 98%).

[0129] [Step 13]: Compound 18→Compound 19

[0130] A mixture of 18 (713 mg, 1.71 mmol) and palladium, 10 wt % on carbon (142 mg) in EtOH (7 mL) was hydrogenolyzed under a atmospheric pressure of H₂ at room temperature. After vigorous stirring for 3 h, AcOEt (7 mL) was added and stirring was continued for additional 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness to yield the crude triol (270 mg).

[0131] A mixture of the crude triol (270 mg), triethylamine (693 mg, 6.85 mmol), 4-dimethylamionpyridine (105 mg, 0.86 mmol) and tert-butyldimethylsiyl chloride (774 mg, 5.14 mmol) in dry DMF (3.5 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (35 g) using 10% AcOEt-hexane to give 19 (466 mg, 73%).

[0132] Intermediate triol: ′H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.28 (1 H, dd, J=14.4, 7.7 Hz), 2.46 (1 H, dd, J=14.3, 3.6 Hz), 2.53 (1 H, dd, J=14.4, 6.3 Hz), 2.66 (1 H, dd, J=14.4, 3.6 Hz), 3.75 (1 H, d, J=5.2 Hz), 4.03 (1 H, m), 4.12 (1 H, br. Signal).

[0133] Mass m/z (%): 146 (M⁺, 2), 128 (3), 110 (2), 87 (63), 60 (100).

[0134] 19: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.07 (6 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.086 and 0.092 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.86 and 0.90 (each 1 H, s, Si-tBu), 2.25 (1 H, dm, J=14.4 Hz), 2.46 (1 H, ddm, J=13.8, 4.9 Hz), 2.60 (1 H, dd, J=13.8, 9.8 Hz), 2.63 (1 H, s, OH), 2.77 (1 H, dd, J=14.4, 3.5 Hz), 3.80 (1 H, m, 4-H), 4.28 (2 H, m, 3, 5-H).

[0135] Mass m/z (%): 374 (no M⁺), 359 (2), 341 (2), 317 (61), 299 (12), 185 (95), 143 (100).

[0136]¹H NMR and Mass spectra of 19 were in agreement with those reported. Sicinski R R, Perlman K L, DeLuca H F, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3730-3738.

Example 4 (See Scheme IV)

[0137] The synthesis of 2-substituted phosphine oxide 23a,b from 19 was performed according to the published procedure (Sicinski R R, Perlman K L, DeLuca H F, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3730-3738).

[0138] [Step 14]: Compound 19→Compound 20

[0139] To a solution of 19 (1.12 g, 2.99 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole (839 mg, 5.98 mmol) at 0° C. After being stirred for 2 h at the same temperature, water (1.5 mL) was add and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (30 g) with 3% AcOEt hexane to afford 20 (1.32 g, 99%).

[0140] 20: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.05 (6 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.06 and 0.07 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.16 (9 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.86 and 0.89 (each 1 H, s, Si-tBu), 2.17 (1 H, dm), 2.36 (1 H, dd, J=13.7, 4.4 Hz), 2.73 (2 H, m), 3.80 (1 H, m, 4-H), 4.03 (1 H, m), 4.24 (1 H, ddd, J=10.6, 4.5, 2.3 Hz).

[0141] Mass m/z (%): 446 (no M⁺), 431 (7), 389 (100), 315 (4), 299 (99), 257 (57), 225 (22).

[0142] [Step 15]: Compound 20→Compound 21a,b

[0143] To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (601 mg, 5.94 mmol) in dry THF (3 mL) was added butyllithium (BuLi, 1.4 M solution in hexane, 4.24 mL, 5.94 mmol) at −78° C. The mixture was stirred for 15 min and methyl (trimethylsilyl)acetate (869 mg, 5.94 mmol) was added. After being stirred for 10 min at −78° C., a precooled solution of 20 (1.32 g, 2.95 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) was slowly added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at the same temperature and allowed to warm to 0° C. The mixture was quenched with addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (NH₄claim) solution, and extracted with AcOEt. The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (35 g) using 3% AcOEt-hexane to give 21 (1.47 g, 99%) as an unseparable mixture of two isomers due to newly generated double bond isomerism.

[0144] 21a (major): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.04, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.08 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.13 (9 H, s, Si—CH3), 0.86 and 0.887 (each 9 H, Si-tBu), 2.00 (1 H, dd, J=13.5, 4.7 Hz), 2.60 (1 H, dm, J=13.5 Hz), 2.72 and 3.28 (each 1 H, m), 3.62 (1 H, m), 3.68 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.86 (1 H, m), 3.95 (1 H, m, 3-H), 5.62 (1 H, s).

[0145] 21b (minor): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ:0.04, 0.05 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.06 (6 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.13 (9 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.84 and 0.892 (each 9 H, Si-tBu), 2.12 (1 H, dd, J=13.6, 3.8 Hz), 3.66 (3 H, s, OCH₃), 3.98 (1 H, m), 5.70 (1 H, s).

[0146] 21a and 21b: Mass m/z (%): 502 (no M⁺), 487 (4), 445 (90), 413 (9), 385 (4), 355 (8), 313 (50), 281 (100).

[0147] [Step 16]: Compound 21a,b→Compound 22a,b

[0148] To a solution of 21a,b (1.47 g, 2.93 mmol) in dry toluene (10 mL) was added diisobutylaluminum hydride (1 M solution in toluene, 11.7 mL, 11.7 mmol) at −78° C. After being stirred for 1 h at the same temperature, the reaction mixture was quenched with a saturated aqueous sodium potassium tartarate solution, and extracted with AcOEt. The AcOEt extract was washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (35 g) using 10% AcOEt-hexane to afford 22a,b (1.36 g, 98%) as a mixture of two isomers.

[0149] 22a (major): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ:0.04, 0.05, 0.058 and 0.07 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.13 (9 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.87 and 0.889 (each 9 H, Si-tBu), 1.93 (1 H, dd, J=13.6, 5.4 Hz), 2.24 and 2.38 (each 1 H, m), 2.50 (1 H, br. D, J=13.0 Hz), 3.56 (1 H, m), 3.79 (1 H, m), 3.89 (1 H, m), 4.12 (2 H, m), 5.44 (1 H, t, J=7.1 Hz).

[0150] 22b (minor): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.058 and 0.063 (each 6 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.13 (9 H, s, SiCH₃), 0.87 and 0.892 (each 9 H, Si-tBu), 2.06 (1 H, dd, J=13.6, 4.0 Hz,), 3.62 (1 H, m), 4.05 (1 H, m), 5.57 (1 H, t, J=7.0 Hz).

[0151] 22a and 22b: Mass m/z (%): 474 (no M⁺), 441 (2), 399 (28), 349 (5), 325 (21), 307 (23), 285 (20), 253 (69), 235 (52), 73 (100).

[0152] [Step 17]: Compound 22a,b→Compound 23a,b

[0153] To a solution of 22a,b (1.35 g, 2.84 mmol) in dry THF (10 mL) was added n-BuLi (1.4 M solution in hexane, 3.12 mmol) at 0° C., a solution of freshly recrystallized p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.595 g, 3.12 mmol) in dry THF (2 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred for 5 min. n-BuLi (1.4 M solution in hexane, 4.26 mol) was added to a stirred, cold (0° C.) solution of diphenylphosphine (768 mg, 4.2 mmol) in dry THF (3 mL) and the mixture turned orange in color. This orange solution was slowly added to the above tosylate in THF solution and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. Water (200 μL) was added and the solvent was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL) and to this solution was added 10% hydrogen peroxide (9 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and CH₂Cl₂ layer was separated. The organic phase was successively washed with cold 2N sodium sulfite, water and brine, and dried over MgSO₄. After evaporation of the solvent, the resulting residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (80 g) with 40% AcOEt-hexane to yield 23a,b (1.47 g, 79%) as a mixture of two isomers.

[0154] 23a (major): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: −0.02, 0.00, 0.01 and 0.03 (each 3 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.13 (9 H, s, Si—CH₃), 0.82 and 0. 87 (each 9 H, S I-tBu), 1.86 (1 H, m), 1.99 (1 H, m), 2.08 (1 H, m), 2.42 (1 H, br. D, J=13.7 Hz), 3.10 (2 H, m), 3.51 (1 H, m), 3.72 (1 H, m), 3.82 (1 H, m), 5.24 (1 H, m).

[0155] 23b (minor): Most of the signals were overlapped with the major product 23a.

[0156] 23a and 23b: Mass m/z (%): 658 (no M⁺), 643 (4), 601 (100), 526 (19), 511 (4), 469 (48), 437 (15), 394 (9). 

I claim:
 1. A method of making a phosphine oxide comprising the steps of: (a) converting D-glucose having the structure

to a 2-deoxy-glucose derivative having the structure

where R¹ is an alkyl group; (b) iodinating the 2-deoxy-glucose derivative to form a 5-iodinated derivative having the structure

(c) eliminating the iodine substituent of said 5-iodinated derivative to form a 1-ether derivative having the structure

(d) reducing the 1-ether derivative to form a 1-alcohol derivative having the structure

(e) converting the 1-alcohol derivative to a 1-protected derivative having the structure

where R² is a hydroxy protecting group; (f) reducing the 1-protected derivative with a metal hydride to form a 5-alcohol derivative having the structure

(g) benzylating the 5-alcohol derivative to form a benzylated derivative having the structure

(h) hydrolyzing the benzyl derivative to form a 1-hydroxyl derivative having the structure

(i) oxidizing the 1-hydroxyl derivative to form a 1-ketone derivative having the structure

(j) converting the 1-ketone derivative to a 3,4,5-protected derivative having the structure

where R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently a hydroxy-protecting group; (k) condensing the 3,4,5-protected derivative to an ester derivative having the structure

where R⁶ is an alkyl group; (l) reducing the ester derivative with a metal hydride to form a 3,4,5-protected-1-alcohol derivative having the structure

(m) and converting the 3,4,5-protected-1-alcohol to a phosphine oxide having the structure


2. The method of claim 1 wherein R¹ is methyl.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein R² is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal hydride of step (f) is lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the metal hydride of step (l) is diisobutylaluminum hydride.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein R³ is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein R⁵ is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein R⁴ is trimethylsilyl.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein R⁶ is methyl.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step (j) comprises reducing the primary benzyl groups at positions 3 and 5 to form a 4-hydroxylated derivative having the structure

and thereafter protecting the 4-hydroxyl group to form the 3,4,5-protected derivative.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein R³ and R⁵ are both tert-butyldimethylsilyl and R⁴ is trimethylsilyl.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein the step (m) comprises converting the —OH group to a protected hydroxy group and thereafter oxidizing the protected hydroxy group with diphenylphosphine to the phosphine oxide.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein the step (a) comprises converting the —OH groups of D-glucose to protected hydroxy groups, substituting bromine for the protected hydroxy group at position 1, eliminating the bronine at position 1 to create a double bond between positions 1 and 2, hydrolyzing the hydroxy protected groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 to hydroxy groups, converting only the hydroxy group at position 5 to a protected hydroxy group, benzylating the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, hydrolyzing the protected hydroxy group at position 5, and reducing the double bond to the 2-deoxy-glucose derivative.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the step (a) comprises converting the —OH groups of D-glucose to protected hydroxy groups, substituting bromine for the protected hydroxy group at position 1, eliminating the bromine at position 1 to create a double bond between positions 1 and 2, hydrating the double bond to form the structure

condensing this structure to form a bicyclic derivative having the structure

thereafter benzylating the bicyclic derivative to a benzylated bicyclic derivative having the structure

and reducing the benzylated bicyclic derivative to the 2-deoxy-glucose derivative.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein R¹ is methyl.
 16. The method of claim 14 wherein R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are each an acyl group.
 17. A compound having the formula

where R⁶ is a hydroxy protecting group.
 18. The compound of claim 17 wherein R⁶ is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.
 19. A compound having the formula


20. A compound having the formula 